BARNYARDGRASS (Echinochloa crus-galli var. crus-galli) with GROUP B/2 resistance: (INHIBITION OF ACETOLACTATE SYNTHASE ) Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase
MUTATION: ALANINE 122 to VALINE
Barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli var. crus-galli) is a monocot plant in the poaceae family. A single amino acid substitution from Alanine 122 to Valine has led to resistance to Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase as indicated in the table below.		Barnyardgrass

Chemical Family	Example Herbicide	Resistance Level
Imidazolinones	Imazethapyr	Resistant > 10 fold
Pyrimidinyl benzoates	Bispyribac-Na	Susceptible
Sulfonylureas	Chlorsulfuron	Not Determined
Triazolopyrimidine - Type 1	Chloransulam-methyl	Susceptible
Triazolinones	Flucarbazone-Na	Not Determined

NOTE

There is evidence (see Riar et al. 2013) that the biotype with this mutation also possesses another resistance mechanisms.

REFERENCES

Riar, D. S. ; Norsworthy, J. K. ; Srivastava, V. ; Nandula, V. ; Bond, J. A. ; Scott, R. C.. 2013. Physiological and molecular basis of acetolactate synthase-inhibiting herbicide resistance in barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli). Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 61 : 278 - 289.

Barnyardgrass biotypes from Arkansas (AR1 and AR2) and Mississippi (MS1) have evolved cross-resistance to imazamox, imazethapyr, and penoxsulam. Additionally, AR1 and MS1 have evolved cross-resistance to bispyribac-sodium. Studies were conducted to determine if resistance to acetolactate synthase (ALS)-inhibiting herbicides in these biotypes is target-site or non-target-site based. Sequencing and analysis of a 1701 base pair ALS coding sequence revealed Ala₁₂₂ to Val and Ala₁₂₂ to Thr substitutions in AR1 and AR2, respectively. The imazamox concentrations required for 50% inhibition of ALS enzyme activity in vitro of AR1 and AR2 were 2.0 and 5.8 times, respectively, greater than the susceptible biotype. Absorption of ¹⁴C-bispyribac-sodium, -imazamox, and -penoxsulam was similar in all biotypes. ¹⁴C-Penoxsulam translocation out of the treated leaf (≤2%) was similar among all biotypes. ¹⁴C-Bispyribac-treated AR1 and MS1 translocated 31-43% less radioactivity to aboveground tissue below the treated leaf compared to the susceptible biotype. ¹⁴C-Imazamox-treated AR1 plants translocated 39% less radioactivity above the treated leaf and aboveground tissue below the treated leaf, and MS1 translocated 54 and 18% less radioactivity to aboveground tissue above and below the treated leaf, respectively, compared to the susceptible biotype. Phosphorimaging results further corroborated the above results. This study shows that altered target site is a mechanism of resistance to imazamox in AR2 and probably in AR1. Additionally, reduced translocation, which may be a result of metabolism, could contribute to imazamox and bispyribac-sodium resistance in AR1 and MS1..

This case was entered by Patrick Tranel Email: tranel@illinois.edu

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