<b>HRAC Group 2</b> <font size='2'> (Legacy B) </font> resistant Lamium amplexicaule from United States, Kansas

INTERNATIONAL HERBICIDE-RESISTANT WEED DATABASE

HRAC GROUP 2 (LEGACY B) RESISTANT HENBIT DEADNETTLE
(Lamium amplexicaule)

Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)

United States, Kansas

INTRODUCTION		HENBIT DEADNETTLE
Henbit Deadnettle (Lamium amplexicaule) is a dicot weed in the Lamiaceae family. In Kansas this weed first evolved resistance to Group 2 (Legacy B) herbicides in 2014 and infests Winter wheat. Group 2 (Legacy B) herbicides are known as Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase (Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ). Research has shown that these particular biotypes are resistant to chlorsulfuron, and propoxycarbazone-Na and they may be cross-resistant to other Group 2 (Legacy B) herbicides. The 'Group' letters/numbers that you see throughout this web site refer to the classification of herbicides by their site of action. To see a full list of herbicides and HRAC herbicide classifications click here.

QUIK STATS (last updated Feb 24, 2015 )
Common Name	Henbit Deadnettle
Species	Lamium amplexicaule
Group	Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)
Herbicides	chlorsulfuron, and propoxycarbazone-Na
Location	United States, Kansas
Year	2014
Situation(s)	Winter wheat
Contributors - (Alphabetically)	Amar Godar, Mithila Jugulam, Dallas Peterson, Doug Shoup, and Vijay Varanasi
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NOTES ABOUT THIS BIOTYPE

GENERAL

Vijay Varanasi

Poster presented at NCWSS 2014 meeting in Minneapolis

Confirmation and Characterization of ALS-inhibitor Resistance in Henbit (Lamium amplexicaule L.)
Vijay K. Varanasi, Amar S. Godar, Dallas E. Peterson, Doug Shoup, Mithila Jugulam

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ACADEMIC ASPECTS

Confirmation Tests

Greenhouse, and Laboratory trials comparing a known susceptible Henbit Deadnettle biotype with this Henbit Deadnettle biotype have been used to confirm resistance. For further information on the tests conducted please contact the local weed scientists that provided this information.

Genetics

Genetic studies on HRAC Group 2 resistant Henbit Deadnettle have not been reported to the site. There may be a note below or an article discussing the genetics of this biotype in the Fact Sheets and Other Literature

Mechanism of Resistance

Studies on the mechanism of resistance of Group 2 (Legacy B) resistant Henbit Deadnettle from Kansas indicate that resistance is due to an altered target site. There may be a note below or an article discussing the mechanism of resistance in the Fact Sheets and Other Literature

Relative Fitness

There is no record of differences in fitness or competitiveness of these resistant biotypes when compared to that of normal susceptible biotypes. If you have any information pertaining to the fitness of Group 2 (Legacy B) resistant Henbit Deadnettle from Kansas please update the database.

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CONTRIBUTING WEED SCIENTISTS

AMAR GODAR

Ph.d. Student Kansas State University Agronomy 3719 Throckmotron Plant Sciences Center Manhattan, 66506, Kansas United States Email Amar Godar Web : Web Site Link

MITHILA JUGULAM

Associate Professor - Weed Physiology Kansas State University Department of Agronomy 3703 Throckmorton Plant Sciences Center 1712 Claflin Road Manhattan, KS 66506-0110, Kansas United States Email Mithila Jugulam Web : Web Site Link

DALLAS PETERSON

Professor and Extension Weed Specialist Kansas State University Department of Agronomy 3703 Throckmorton Plant Sciences Center 1712 Claflin Road Manhattan, KS 66506-0110, Kansas United States Email Dallas Peterson Web : Web Site Link

DOUG SHOUP

Associate Professor Kansas State University Southeast Area Extension Office 308 West 14th Road Chanute, 66720, Kansas United States Email Doug Shoup Web : Web Site Link

VIJAY VARANASI

Research Associate Kansas State University Agronomy 3722 Throckmorton Plant Sciences Center Manhattan, 66506, Kansas United States Email Vijay Varanasi Web : Web Site Link

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The Herbicide Resistance Action Committee, The Weed Science Society of America, and weed scientists in Kansas have been instrumental in providing you this information. Particular thanks is given to Amar Godar, Mithila Jugulam, Dallas Peterson, Doug Shoup, and Vijay Varanasi for providing detailed information.

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Herbicide Resistant Henbit Deadnettle Globally
(Lamium amplexicaule)

Country

FirstYear

Situation

Active Ingredients

Site of Action

United States (Kansas)

2014

Winter wheat

chlorsulfuron, and propoxycarbazone-Na

Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)

Literature about Similar Cases

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Varanasi, V. K., A. S. Godar, D. E. Peterson, D. Shoup, and M. Jugulam. 2016. A target-site point mutation in henbit (Lamium amplexicaule) confers high-level resistance to ALS-inhibitors.. Weed Science 64 : 231 - 239.

Henbit is a facultative broadleaf winter annual in the Lamiaceae family. Acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibitors are primarily used to control a broad spectrum of weeds, including henbit. During 2012 to 2013, field applications of ALS-inhibiting herbicides were ineffective in controlling a henbit population from Marion County, KS (MCK). To confirm field-evolved resistance to ALS inhibitors, response of MCK henbit and a known susceptible henbit population from Kansas (DPS) to varying doses of three different ALS inhibitors were examined: chlorsulfuron, imazamox, and propoxycarbazone. Results of the dose–response experiments suggest that the MCK population is highly resistant to chlorsulfuron (resistance index [R/S] > 1,000) and propoxycarbazone (R/S = 331) but is susceptible to imazamox. A full-length ALS gene sequence obtained using the 5′- and 3′- rapid amplification of complementary DNA ends approach revealed a Pro₁₉₇ to Arg point mutation (a common mutation that confers resistance to sulfonylurea herbicides, e.g., chlorsulfuron) in the MCK henbit. No other known resistance-conferring mutations were found in the study. Evolved resistance to major classes of ALS inhibitors in the MCK henbit will reduce herbicide options for its control. To our knowledge, this is the first case of evolution of herbicide resistance in henbit..

Grey, T. L. ; Raymer, P. L. ; Bridges, D. C.. 2006. Herbicide-resistant canola (Brassica napus) response and weed control with postemergence herbicides. Weed Technology 20 : 551 - 557.

Field studies were conducted to evaluate weed control in herbicide-resistant rape (Brassica napus [Brassica napus var. oleifera]) in Georgia, USA. The resistant rape cultivars and respective herbicides were 'Pioneer 45A76' and imazamox, 'Hyola 357RR' and glyphosate, and '2573 Invigor' and glufosinate. Weed seed of Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) and wild radish (Raphanus raphanistrum) were sown simultaneously in October with rape and control of these species was evaluated along with other naturally occurring weeds. Herbicide treatments for the respective herbicide-resistant rape cultivar were imazamox at 0.035 and 0.071 kg/ha, glyphosate at 0.84 and 1.64 kg/ha, and glufosinate at 0.5 and 1.0 kg/ha. Herbicides were applied at one- to two-leaf and three- to four-leaf rape stages. There was no significant injury to any rape cultivar as a result of herbicide rate or timing of application. By midseason (February), imazamox effectively controlled wild radish, henbit (Lamium amplexicaule), and shepherd's-purse (Capsella bursa-pastoris) at both rates and at both timings. When applied to three- to four-leaf stage rape, the higher rates of glyphosate and glufosinate were required to provide 75% or greater control of Italian ryegrass, wild garlic (Allium vineale), and henbit. Glufosinate did not adequately control wild radish at either rate or application timing. Greenhouse experiments provided similar results..

Harker, K. N. ; Clayton, G. W. ; Blackshaw, R. E. ; O'Donovan, J. T. ; Lupwayi, N. Z. ; Johnson, E. N. ; Gan YanTai ; Zentner, R. P. ; Lafond, G. P. ; Irvine, R. B.. 2005. Glyphosate-resistant spring wheat production system effects on weed communities. Weed Science 53 : 451 - 464.

Glyphosate-resistant (GR) crops are produced over large areas in North America. A study was conducted at six western Canada research sites, i.e. in Beaverlodge, Lacombe and Lethbridge in Alberta, Brandon in Manitoba, and in Scott and Swift Current in Saskatchewan, to determine seed date, i.e. mid-April to early May (early) and mid-May to early June (late), and tillage system (conventional or low soil-disturbance direct-seeding) effects on weed populations in GR spring wheat and canola [rape] cropping systems from 2000 to 2003. Four-year wheat-canola-wheat-pea rotations were devised with varying levels of GR crops in the rotation. Weed populations were determined at pre- and post-in-crop herbicide application intervals in 2000 and 2003. Early seeding led to higher and more variable in-crop wild oat (Avena fatua) and wild buckwheat (Polygonum convolvulus [F. convolvulus]) populations. High frequencies of in-crop glyphosate wheat in the rotation usually improved weed management and reduced weed density and variability. Canonical discriminant analysis (CDA) across all locations revealed that by 2003, green foxtail (Setaria viridis), redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus), sowthistle spp. (Sonchus oleraceus, S. arvensis and S. asper), wild buckwheat and wild oat, all associated with the rotation lacking in-crop glyphosate. Similar CDA analyses for individual locations indicated specific weeds were associated with 3 years of in-crop glyphosate (Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense) at Brandon, henbit (Lamium amplexicaule) at Lacombe, and volunteer wheat, volunteer canola, and round-leaved mallow (Malva pusilla) at Lethbridge). However, only henbit at Lacombe and volunteer wheat at Lethbridge occurred at significant densities. Although excellent weed control was attained in rotations containing a high frequency of GR crops, the merits of more integrated approaches to weed management and crop production should also be considered. Overall, rotations including GR spring wheat did not significantly increase short-term weed management risks in conventional tillage or low soil-disturbance direct-seeding systems..

Franek, M. ; Rola, H.. 2001. Effects of weed control in winter oilseed rape with the herbicide Colzor Trio 405 EC in lower Silesia conditions. Rośliny Oleiste 22 : 97 - 102.

The efficacy of Colzor Trio 405 EC (dimethachlor, clomazone and napropamide) against the weeds of winter oilseed rape was evaluated during 1999-2000, in lower Silesia, Poland. The herbicide showed no phytotoxic effects on winter oilseed rape and gave an effective control of the following weed species: Apera spica-venti, Capsella bursa-pastoris, Chenopodium album, Descurainia sophia, Galium aparine, Lamium amplexicaule, L. purpureum, Thlaspi arvense, Stellaria media and Veronica persica. Viola arvensis was moderately susceptible to the herbicide, while Fumaria officinalis was resistant. The yield and 1000-seed weight of winter oilseed rape were higher with the herbicide than with the control treatment..

Al-Khatib, K. ; Kadir, S. ; Libbey, C.. 1995. Broadleaf weed control with clomazone in pickling cucumber (Cucumis sativus). Weed Technology 9 : 166 - 172.

Field trials were conducted at Mount Vernon on Sedro Woolley silt loam and Skagit silt loam soil during 1992 and 1993, resp., to investigate the efficacy of weed control (mainly of Senecio vulgaris, Solanum sarrachoides, Lamium amplexicaule, Polygonum persicaria, Matricaria matricarioides [Chamomilla suaveolens], Lamium purpureum, Amaranthus retroflexus, Capsella bursa-pastoris and Brassica kaber [Sinapis arvensis]) using clomazone on cucumber crops. Broadleaf weed control ranged from 80% with clomazone at 0.14 kg/ha to 100% with clomazone at 1.12 kg/ha. Weed control was found to be higher with clomazone than naptalam or ethalfluralin. The combination of clomazone at 0.14 kg/ha and naptalam at 5 kg/ha or ethalfluralin at 1.25 kg/ha gave more than 90% broadleaf weed control. Clomazone caused chlorosis and bleaching on cucumber leaves but plants rapidly recovered. Cucumber yields were higher in plots treated with clomazone alone at 0.14 to 0.56 kg/ha than with ethalfluralin or naptalam alone. Clomazone dose response studies were conducted in weed-free plots with five cucumber varieties. The 0.28 kg/ha rate caused low levels of visible injury and did not decrease yields. Cultivar differences were more pronounced at higher clomazone rates. The five cucumber cultivars were, in order of increasing clomazone tolerance, Sunre 3537, Pioneer, Quest, Prince, and Calypso. It was concluded that clomazone is an effective and selective herbicide for broadleaf weed control in pickling cucumber..

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