<b>HRAC Group 2</b> <font size='2'> (Legacy B) </font> resistant Echinochloa phyllopogon (=E. oryzicola) from Greece

INTERNATIONAL HERBICIDE-RESISTANT WEED DATABASE

HRAC GROUP 2 (LEGACY B) RESISTANT LATE WATERGRASS
(Echinochloa phyllopogon (=E. oryzicola))

Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)

Greece, Northern Greece

INTRODUCTION		LATE WATERGRASS
Late Watergrass (Echinochloa phyllopogon (=E. oryzicola)) is a monocot weed in the Poaceae family. In Greece this weed first evolved resistance to Group 2 (Legacy B) herbicides in 2009 and infests Rice. Group 2 (Legacy B) herbicides are known as Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase (Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ). Research has shown that these particular biotypes are resistant to bispyribac-sodium, foramsulfuron, imazamox, nicosulfuron, penoxsulam, and rimsulfuron and they may be cross-resistant to other Group 2 (Legacy B) herbicides. The 'Group' letters/numbers that you see throughout this web site refer to the classification of herbicides by their site of action. To see a full list of herbicides and HRAC herbicide classifications click here.

QUIK STATS (last updated Oct 19, 2016 )
Common Name	Late Watergrass
Species	Echinochloa phyllopogon (=E. oryzicola)
Group	Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)
Herbicides	bispyribac-sodium, foramsulfuron, imazamox, nicosulfuron, penoxsulam, and rimsulfuron
Location	Greece, Northern Greece
Year	2009
Situation(s)	Rice
Contributors - (Alphabetically)	Ilias Eleftherohorinos, and Nikolaos Kaloumenos
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NOTES ABOUT THIS BIOTYPE

MECHANISM

Ilias Eleftherohorinos

Target-site mutation associated with cross-resistance to ALS-inhibiting herbicides in late watergrass (Echinochloa oryzicola Vasing.)

Nikolaos S Kaloumenos,Sofia L Chatzilazaridou,Photini V Mylona, Alexios N Polidorosand Ilias G Eleftherohorinos

Pest Manag Sci 2013; 69: 865–873

BACKGROUND: Studies were carried out to elucidate the mechanism of resistance to ALS-inhibiting herbicides in 29 Echinochloa accessions from water-seeded rice fields of northern Greece and to discriminate the Echinochloa species.

RESULTS: Two E. oryzicola accessions were found to be cross-resistant to penoxsulam, bispyribac-sodium, imazamox, foramsulfuron, nicosulfuron and rimsulfuron, whereas all accessions were susceptible (S) to profoxydim. Sequencing of the ALS gene revealed that resistant (R) accessions had a Trp574Leu mutation, which was also confirmed by TspRI endonuclease digestion. Use of cpDNA sequence comparison analysis of Echinochloa species discriminated successfully E. crus-galli and E. oryzicola accessions.

CONCLUSION: This is the first report of Echinochloa oryzicola cross-resistance to ALS-inhibiting herbicides as a result of Trp574Leu mutation. The cpDNA sequence comparison analysis is a reliable tool for discrimination of conventionally classified E. crus-galli and E. oryzicola accessions.

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ACADEMIC ASPECTS

Confirmation Tests

Greenhouse, and Laboratory trials comparing a known susceptible Late Watergrass biotype with this Late Watergrass biotype have been used to confirm resistance. For further information on the tests conducted please contact the local weed scientists that provided this information.

Genetics

Genetic studies on HRAC Group 2 resistant Late Watergrass have not been reported to the site. There may be a note below or an article discussing the genetics of this biotype in the Fact Sheets and Other Literature

Mechanism of Resistance

Studies on the mechanism of resistance of Group 2 (Legacy B) resistant Late Watergrass from Greece indicate that resistance is due to an altered target site. There may be a note below or an article discussing the mechanism of resistance in the Fact Sheets and Other Literature

Relative Fitness

There is no record of differences in fitness or competitiveness of these resistant biotypes when compared to that of normal susceptible biotypes. If you have any information pertaining to the fitness of Group 2 (Legacy B) resistant Late Watergrass from Greece please update the database.

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CONTRIBUTING WEED SCIENTISTS

ILIAS ELEFTHEROHORINOS

University Of Thessaloniki Laboratory Of Agronomy 4033 Kensington Pl Ghessaloniki, 54006 Greece Email Ilias Eleftherohorinos

NIKOLAOS KALOUMENOS

Aristotle University Of Thessaloniki Department Of Agriculture 4033 Kensington Pl Thessaloniki, 54006 Greece Email Nikolaos Kaloumenos

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The Herbicide Resistance Action Committee, The Weed Science Society of America, and weed scientists in Greece have been instrumental in providing you this information. Particular thanks is given to Ilias Eleftherohorinos, and Nikolaos Kaloumenos for providing detailed information.

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Herbicide Resistant Late Watergrass Globally
(Echinochloa phyllopogon (=E. oryzicola))

Country

FirstYear

Situation

Active Ingredients

Site of Action

China

2023

Rice

penoxsulam

Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)

France

2013

Rice

penoxsulam

Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)

Greece

2009

Rice

bispyribac-sodium, foramsulfuron, imazamox, nicosulfuron, penoxsulam, and rimsulfuron

Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)

Portugal

2015

Rice

penoxsulam

Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)

Portugal

2020

Rice

profoxydim

Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase ( HRAC Group 1 (Legacy A)

Portugal

2020

Rice

penoxsulam, and profoxydim

Multiple Resistance: 2 Sites of Action
Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase ( HRAC Group 1 (Legacy A)
Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)

South Korea

2006

Rice

azimsulfuron, bensulfuron-methyl, bispyribac-sodium, cyhalofop-butyl, fenoxaprop-ethyl, halosulfuron-methyl, imazosulfuron, metamifop, pyrazosulfuron-ethyl, pyribenzoxim, and pyriminobac-methyl

Multiple Resistance: 2 Sites of Action
Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase ( HRAC Group 1 (Legacy A)
Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)

United States (California)

1998

Rice

fenoxaprop-ethyl

Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase ( HRAC Group 1 (Legacy A)

United States (California)

1998

Rice

thiobencarb/benthiocarb

Very Long-Chain Fatty Acid Synthesis inhibitors ( HRAC Group 15 (Legacy K3 N)

United States (California)

2000

Rice

cyhalofop-butyl, fenoxaprop-ethyl, molinate, and thiobencarb/benthiocarb

Multiple Resistance: 2 Sites of Action
Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase ( HRAC Group 1 (Legacy A)
Very Long-Chain Fatty Acid Synthesis inhibitors ( HRAC Group 15 (Legacy K3 N)

Literature about Similar Cases

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Boddy, L. G. ; Bradford, K. J. ; Fischer, A. J.. 2012. Population-based threshold models describe weed germination and emergence patterns across varying temperature, moisture and oxygen conditions. Journal of Applied Ecology 49 : 1225 - 1236.

Opportunities for diversifying the management of weedy populations may be enhanced through accurate predictions of seedling emergence, because the timing and success of control measures often hinges on the timing of weed emergence. We used population-based threshold models to establish the temperature, moisture and oxygen conditions for optimum germination of herbicide-resistant and -susceptible Echinochloa phyllopogon, a weed of temperate paddy rice, and applied them to predict emergence from field soil. We combined hydrothermal time for germination, accounting for within-population variation in base water potentials (Ψ_b), with thermal time for early seedling growth to predict the quantity and proportional size of the emergence flushes that constitute final recruitment. Emergence in field soils was reduced by moisture stress and flooding, especially for the resistant population. In all populations, germination rates increased between 9.5 and 31°C, Ψ_b was <-1.0 MPa, and there was no sensitivity to oxygen supply. Synthesis and applications. Population-based threshold models produced physiologically meaningful germination parameters, which are useful in defining the environmental constraints to germination, and predicting Echinochloa phyllopogon germination and emergence in field soils. By exploring the effects of temperature, water stress and flooding on germination and emergence, we predict irrigation regimes for optimising recruitment and the timing of weed control..

Boddy, L. G. ; Streibig, J. C. ; Yamasue, Y. ; Fischer, A. J.. 2012. Biomass, fecundity, and interference ability of multiple herbicide-resistant and -susceptible late watergrass (Echinochloa phyllopogon). Weed Science 60 : 401 - 410.

Echinochloa phyllopogon is a serious weed of California rice that has evolved resistance to most grass herbicides. We assessed differences in growth, interference, and fecundity between multiple resistant (R) and susceptible (S) E. phyllopogon. Interference with rice by R and S plants was similar, although R plants were shorter and had less leaf area and shoot biomass than S plants. Interference by one S or R E. phyllopogon plant with rice was 2.31 or 2.45 times greater than intraspecific interference by one rice plant, respectively. Interference was mostly driven by root interactions and E. phyllopogon on average produced seven times more root dry weight than rice. Deeper E. phyllopogon root placement compared with rice may explain niche differentiation between the two species. On average, R plants produced 55% less seeds than S plants. Lower fecundity could compromise fitness of R plants in the absence of herbicide selection, but partial avoidance of seed removal during rice harvest through earlier seed shattering may allow greater soil seed bank replenishment by R plants compared with S plants. E. phyllopogon control is needed to prevent high rice yield losses, and suppressing survivors of initial herbicide treatments is essential to limit seed bank replenishment by R plants. The potential benefits of taller rice varieties with enhanced root competitiveness, and that may be harvested earlier, should be considered..

Iwakami, S. ; Uchino, A. ; Watanabe, H. ; Yamasue, Y. ; Inamura, T.. 2012. Isolation and expression of genes for acetolactate synthase and acetyl-CoA carboxylase in Echinochloa phyllopogon, a polyploid weed species. Pest Management Science 68 : 1098 - 1106.

BACKGROUND: Target-site resistance is the major cause of herbicide resistance to acetolactate synthase (ALS)- and acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACCase)-inhibiting herbicides in arable weeds, whereas non-target-site resistance is rarely reported. In the Echinochloa phyllopogon biotypes resistant to these herbicides, target-site resistance has not been reported, and non-target-site resistance is assumed to be the basis for resistance. To explore why target-site resistance had not occurred, the target-site genes for these herbicides were isolated from E. phyllopogon, and their expression levels in a resistant biotype were determined. RESULTS: Two complete ALS genes and the carboxyltransferase domain of four ACCase genes were isolated. The expression levels of ALS and ACCase genes were higher in organs containing metabolically active meristems, except for ACC4, which was not expressed in any organ. The differential expression among examined organs was more prominent for ALS2 and ACC2 and less evident for ALS1, ACC1 and ACC3. CONCLUSION: E. phyllopogon has multiple copies of the ALS and ACCase genes, and different expression patterns were observed among the copies. The existence of three active ACCase genes and the difference in their relative expression levels could influence the occurrence of target-site resistance to ACCase inhibitors in E. phyllopogon..

Yasuor, H. ; Milan, M. ; Eckert, J. W. ; Fischer, A. J.. 2012. Quinclorac resistance: a concerted hormonal and enzymatic effort in Echinochloa phyllopogon. Pest Management Science 68 : 108 - 115.

BACKGROUND: Quinclorac (3,7-dichloro-quinoline-carboxylic acid) is a selective herbicide widely used to control annual grasses and certain broadleaf weeds. Echinochloa phyllopogon (Stapf) Koss. is the most noxious grass weed in California rice fields and has evolved resistance to multiple herbicides with different modes of action. A quinclorac-resistant (R) E. phyllopogon biotype found in a Sacramento Valley rice field where quinclorac has never been applied was investigated. RESULTS: Resistant to susceptible (S) GR₅₀ (herbicide rate for 50% growth reduction) ratios ranged from 6 to 17. The cytochrome P450 inhibitor malathion (200 mg L^-1) caused R plants to become as quinclorac susceptible as S plants. Quinclorac rapidly (6 HAT) stimulated ethylene formation in S plants, but only marginally in R plants. Malathion pretreatment did not reduce ethylene formation by quinclorac-treated S and R plants. Activity of β-cyanoalanine synthase (β-CAS) in tissue extracts was 2-3-fold greater in R than in S plants, and incubation of shoot extracts with 1 mM malathion reduced β-CAS activity by 40% in both biotypes. CONCLUSION: Resistance to quinclorac in R E. phyllopogon involved at least two mechanisms: (a) insensitivity along the response pathway whereby quinclorac induces ethylene production; (b) enhanced β-CAS activity, which should enable greater HCN detoxification following quinclorac stimulation of ethylene biosynthesis. This unveils new resistance mechanisms for this multiple-resistant biotype widely spread throughout California rice fields..

Yasuor, H. ; Zou, W. ; Tolstikov, V. V. ; Tjeerdema, R. S. ; Fischer, A. J.. 2010. Differential oxidative metabolism and 5-ketoclomazone accumulation are involved in Echinochloa phyllopogon resistance to clomazone. Plant Physiology 153 : 319 - 326.

Echinochloa phyllopogon (late watergrass) is a major weed of California rice (Oryza sativa) that has evolved cytochrome P450-mediated metabolic resistance to different herbicides with multiple modes of action. E. phyllopogon populations from Sacramento Valley rice fields have also recently shown resistance to the herbicide clomazone. Clomazone is a proherbicide that must be metabolized to 5-ketoclomazone, which is the active compound that inhibits deoxyxylulose 5-phosphate synthase, a key enzyme of the nonmevalonate isoprenoid pathway. This study evaluated the differential clomazone metabolism within strains of the same species to investigate whether enhanced oxidative metabolism also confers clomazone resistance in E. phyllopogon. Using reverse-phase liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry techniques in the multireaction monitoring mode, we elucidated that oxidative biotransformations are involved as a mechanism of clomazone resistance in this species. E. phyllopogon plants hydroxylated mostly the isoxazolidinone ring of clomazone, and clomazone hydroxylation activity was greater in resistant than in susceptible plants. The major clomazone metabolites resulted from monohydroxylation and dihydroxylation of the isoxazolidinone ring. Resistant plants accumulated 6- to 12-fold more of the monohydroxylated metabolite than susceptible plants, while susceptible plants accumulated 2.5-fold more of the phytotoxic metabolite of clomazone, 5-ketoclomazone. Our results demonstrate that oxidative metabolism endows multiple-herbicide-resistant E. phyllopogon with cross-resistance to clomazone through enhanced herbicide degradation and lower accumulation of the toxic metabolite in resistant versus susceptible plants..

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