<b>HRAC Group 22</b> <font size='2'> (Legacy D) </font> resistant Epilobium ciliatum from Belgium

INTERNATIONAL HERBICIDE-RESISTANT WEED DATABASE

HRAC GROUP 22 (LEGACY D) RESISTANT FRINGED WILLOWHERB
(Epilobium ciliatum)

PS I Electron Diversion HRAC Group 22 (Legacy D)

Belgium, East Flanders

INTRODUCTION		FRINGED WILLOWHERB
Fringed Willowherb (Epilobium ciliatum) is a dicot weed in the Onagraceae family. In Belgium this weed first evolved resistance to Group 22 (Legacy D) herbicides in 1982 and infests Pears. Group 22 (Legacy D) herbicides are known as PS I Electron Diversion (PSI Electron Diversion ). Research has shown that these particular biotypes are resistant to paraquat and they may be cross-resistant to other Group 22 (Legacy D) herbicides. The 'Group' letters/numbers that you see throughout this web site refer to the classification of herbicides by their site of action. To see a full list of herbicides and HRAC herbicide classifications click here.

QUIK STATS (last updated Sep 15, 2000 )
Common Name	Fringed Willowherb
Species	Epilobium ciliatum
Group	PS I Electron Diversion HRAC Group 22 (Legacy D)
Herbicides	paraquat
Location	Belgium, East Flanders
Year	1982
Situation(s)	Pears
Contributors - (Alphabetically)	Robert Bulcke
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NOTES ABOUT THIS BIOTYPE

AREAS FOUND

Robert Bulcke

Resistant biotypes occurring only in 2 long-term field experiments in pear orchards the first at Melle (province East-Flanders) and the second in Limburg province.

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GENERAL

Robert Bulcke

Resistant plants recover from initial damage after treatment with paraquat.

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ACADEMIC ASPECTS

Confirmation Tests

Field, Greenhouse, and Laboratory trials comparing a known susceptible Fringed Willowherb biotype with this Fringed Willowherb biotype have been used to confirm resistance. For further information on the tests conducted please contact the local weed scientists that provided this information.

Genetics

Genetic studies on HRAC Group 22 resistant Fringed Willowherb have not been reported to the site. There may be a note below or an article discussing the genetics of this biotype in the Fact Sheets and Other Literature

Mechanism of Resistance

The mechanism of resistance for this biotype is either unknown or has not been entered in the database. If you know anything about the mechanism of resistance for this biotype then please update the database.

Relative Fitness

There is no record of differences in fitness or competitiveness of these resistant biotypes when compared to that of normal susceptible biotypes. If you have any information pertaining to the fitness of Group 22 (Legacy D) resistant Fringed Willowherb from Belgium please update the database.

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CONTRIBUTING WEED SCIENTISTS

ROBERT BULCKE

University Gent Lab. Of Herbology - U. G. Plant Div 635 Capitol St NE, Weed Control Program Gent, B-9000 Belgium Email Robert Bulcke

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The Herbicide Resistance Action Committee, The Weed Science Society of America, and weed scientists in Belgium have been instrumental in providing you this information. Particular thanks is given to Robert Bulcke for providing detailed information.

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Herbicide Resistant Fringed Willowherb Globally
(Epilobium ciliatum)

Country

FirstYear

Situation

Active Ingredients

Site of Action

Belgium

1980

Nurseries, Orchards, and Roadsides

atrazine, and simazine

PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders ( HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)

Belgium

1982

Pears

paraquat

PS I Electron Diversion ( HRAC Group 22 (Legacy D)

Poland

1995

Orchards

atrazine

PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders ( HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)

United Kingdom

1981

Orchards

simazine

PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders ( HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)

United Kingdom

1989

Hops

paraquat

PS I Electron Diversion ( HRAC Group 22 (Legacy D)

Literature about Similar Cases

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Ertli, T. ; Polyánka, H. ; Váradi, G. ; Darkó, É. ; Lehoczki, E.. 1998. Lowered xanthophyll cycle capacity accompanying triazine resistance of weeds. : 2329 - 2332.

The in situ photoinhibition and xanthophyll cycle patterns in atrazine-resistant (R) and susceptible (S) biotypes of Epilobium adenocaulon [E. ciliatum], Senecio vulgaris and Solanum nigrum were studied. The R biotypes had a decreased photosynthetic activity and decreased ratios of fluorescence quenching processes. Measuring the modulated fluorescence parameters revealed that there were no differences between the biotypes in the optimal quantum yield, but there were differences between biotypes in the effective quantum yield, photochemical fluorescence quenching and non-photochemical fluorescence quenching, which were all lower in the R biotypes. The high energy-dependent fluorescent quenching was reduced in all R biotypes also..

Polyánka, H. ; Makrai, L. ; Ertli, T. ; Lehoczki, E.. 1998. Comparison of sensitivity of triazine-resistant and susceptible biotypes of several weeds to UV-B exposure. : 2397 - 2400.

The effects of long-term supplementary UV-B radiation on the function of photosystem II (PS II), the xanthophyll cycle activity and the accumulation of UV-B radiation absorbing compounds in several atrazine resistant (R) and susceptible (S) biotypes of weeds were studied. The plants tested were Epilobium adenocaulon [E. ciliatum], Senecio vulgaris and Solanum nigrum. Photosynthetic functions in R and S biotypes were characterised using chlorophyll fluorescence induction measurements, which showed atrazine resistance caused typical alterations in the functions in the photosynthetic apparatus. Atrazine resistant biotypes were more susceptible to in situ photoinhibition and showed an altered xanthophyll cycle pattern compared with S biotypes. Enhanced UV-B levels did not result in measurable stress effects on the PS II function and xanthophyll cycle activity. It is suggested that there was a direct role of flavonoids in the protection mechanism in the tested plants..

Kutryś, S. ; Ciarka, D. ; Gawron´ski, S. W.. 1998. Utilisation of negative cross-resistance in control of weeds resistant to herbicides. : 39 - 40.

Biotypes of Epilobium adenocaulon [E. ciliatum] and Solanum nigrum resistant (R) and susceptible (S) to atrazine were studied. The postemergence herbicides, bentazone, fluroxypyr and diquat were selected for use in field experiments as they induced the highest negative cross-resistance (NCR) in greenhouse experiments on the basis of 50% growth reduction and index of resistance. Glyphosate was also used. Herbicides were applied at the 4-5 leaf stage. Expression of NCR in the field was estimated on the basis of plant biomass reduction. NCR was observed, but to a lower degree than in greenhouse studies. Resistant biotypes were controlled more effectively by lower herbicide concentrations than S biotypes. Bentazone induced the most NCR in S. nigrum, and fluroxypyr and diquat induced the greatest NCR in E. adenocaulon. It is concluded that NCR may have potential in controlling triazine resistant biotypes under field conditions..

Diaz, M. A. ; Prado, R. de ; Paul, R. N. ; Smeda, R. J.. 1998. Identification of paraquat and atrazine resistance in populations of Epilobium ciliatum. Mededelingen - Faculteit Landbouwkundige en Toegepaste Biologische Wetenschappen, Universiteit Gent 63 : 795 - 797.

Seeds of Epilobium ciliatum were collected from Spanish olive groves. Populations were either susceptible to atrazine and paraquat, or susceptible to atrazine and resistant to paraquat, or resistant to atrazine and paraquat. Leaf bioassays and transmission electron microscopy were carried out. Results showed that no chloroplasts were damaged by paraquat, thus indicating paraquat resistance, while no evidence was found for atrazine resistance..

Gabard, J. ; Thalinger, P. P. ; Nemergut, K. ; Cotterman, J.. 1998. Azafenidin: a new herbicide with applications in perennial crops for the control of herbicide resistant weeds. : 375 - 376.

Greenhouse experiments were conducted to assess the efficacy of pre-em. azafenidin (64-256 g/ha) against biotypes of Kochia scoparia, Abutilon theophrasti, Amaranthus retroflexus, Chenopodium album, Solanum nigrum and Senecio vulgaris (resistant to photosystem II inhibitors), Bidens pilosa, Poa annua and Epilobium ciliatum (resistant to paraquat) and Lolium rigidum, K. scoparia, Salsola iberica, Stellaria media and L. perenne (resistant to acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibitors). Results indicated that both susceptible and resistant biotypes of all species were successfully controlled by 240 g/ha azafenidin, regardless of whether the resistance was target or metabolism based. Only a fluazifop-P-butyl-resistant L. rigidum biotype was not also susceptible to the 64 or 120 g/ha doses..

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